Qualities of Successful Women

Qualities of Successful Women inletThe contribution of women in the development of the countries has been signifi tooshiet the world over during the last hundred years. In India, women be playing a major part in the frugal development during the last four decades. The Indian women have gradu entirelyy entered in all the spheres and there is no vault of heaven where they ar lagging behind.BFSI beveling, fiscal Services and Insurance sector is no exception. BFSI embraces all type of Banking activities, Insurance, Stock Market, Mutual Funds and all kinds of fiscal Institutions.An attempt is make in this paper to trace the role of women in Finance sector and their achievements in the last four decades.ObjectivesThe primary objective of this paper is to study and consolidate the contributions of women in Financial sector and likewise attempt to correlate the qualities of women that have made them achievementful in their professional cargoners in Finance.The secondary objective is to detail some organizations which have realized this aspect and have given opportunities to women to climb in their lifes in Finance.What is BFSI?BFSI includes Banking, Financial Services Insurance. The sphere for BFSI in India is very promising as on date. According to a study, 51 percent of the Indian population do not possess patois accounts and lack nettle to financial facilities. There is a great potential for avows in the coarse markets.though the amends sector achieved about 15 percent growth rate in the last year, Indias restitution accounts for just 0.6 percent of the GDP as against the world average of 2.14 percent. The main reasons for low penetration atomic number 18 low consumer aw arness, untapped rural markets and constrained distribution channels. India ranks 136th on penetration levels and lags behind China (106), brazil-nut tree (85) and Japan (61). The U.S is ranked 9 in this regard. The scenario of insurance business in India is now changing and the insurance business is growing at an impressive rate. There are 21 Life Insurance and 19 General Insurance companies in both public and private sector put together.Micro pay institutions provide pathetic great deal with small amounts of credit at reasonable interest rates. The micro pay institutions weed be financial cooperatives, rural banks and NGOs. Although credit is an important part of microfinance, it is just one of the diverse financial utilitys that poor people need to improve their lives. Poor people besides need saving services, basic insurance options and inexpensive remittance systems to best manage their assets and generate income.How can women contribute in Financial Sector?Women leaders in Finance have taken lead to a new level. Not that men dont outgo at being leaders. According to a survey by New Jersey based calliper Corporation, a new paradigm is evolving and women are in the forefront of creating the same.Inclusive financial growth can be attained if the banks touch upon the bottom of the pyramid which consists of approximately 75 percent of the Indian population. We can say that India is divided into two parts one group of privileged class of people having access to the best of the financial facilities and another class of disadvantaged people unable to get the financial facilities.Women are becoming active and popular in all fields and the Indian Stock Market is no exception. The modern Indian women want to save money and are also prepared to take risks. Women at home i.e. the home makers follow the stock market with the help of internet and invest wisely. The home makers also look at the household products which are very useful and of good quality and invest in those companies. For example, when scotch brite was introduced in the market, they found out which accompany introduced the same and invested in that company. The product was a success and they gained from their investments.Only a very small fraction of the rural Indian population has access to the Microfinance services. Loans as little as Rs. 5000 can give poor people a chance to set up their own small business and create more jobs.A study reveals that 11 percent of the companies across sectors in India had women CEOs. 54 percent of these CEOs are from the financial services sector.Worldwide organizations encouraging women in BFSI.Women move on Microfinance International (WAMI) launched in 2003 is the only global network of and for the advancement of individual women in the microfinance industriousness. One of their centre values is to advance and support womens leadership in the microfinance industry through education and training, by promoting leadership opportunities and by increasing visibility of womens participation and talent while maintaining their work life balance.In India also we have organizations to promote microfinance for women. The Indian School of Microfinance for Women headquartered in Ahmedabad was started in June 2003 to ad dress the capacity mental synthesis requirements in the microfinance sector. The School particularly focuses upon the lives of women who are the primary participants in microfinance interventions. The School does not look upon microfinance as a means of poverty alleviation but also as a means for womens leadership and the building of womens assets.Women in Banking and Finance (WIBF) is a non profit professional organization committed to empowering its members in the banking and finance industry to realize their full potential. The organization is headquartered in London and was founded in 1980 by five members viz Jane Bradford, Susan Law, Lorraine Paddison, Margery Povall and Anne Watts. The organization is firing by a highly professional worry team comprising of members who give their time on a voluntary basis. All members are encouraged to join the concern team to develop their project management skills.Mann Deshi Mahila Sahakari Bank (MDMSB) is a unique cooperative bank run b y and for women in Mhaswad, a closure in Satara District of Maharashtra. This 10 year old bank has created 16720 women entrepreneurs in the region around Mhaswad. The bank enjoys an excellent repayment rate of 97.5 percent.Successful women in BFSI.One Organization in the BFSI sector in India that can boast of encouraging and able to get the services of women at all levels including the top management is undoubtedly is the ICICI group. K.V.Kamath is one of the lucky persons to be surrounded by women. He has been responsible for empowering many women in ICICI.Out of 11 top management executives reporting to the MD Chanda Kochhar, 3 are women. About 40 percent of the senior management is women and about 25 percent of the total staff is women.The current Managing theatre director of ICICI bank, Chanda Kochhar is known to be an assertive woman who has climbed the ladder in ICICI both the hard and smart way. She conjugate ICICI Bank in 1984 as a Management Trainee. She knew nothing abo ut sell banking when she took over the retail operations in ICICI Bank in the year 1998 at the age of 36. She was ranked number 37 in the list of worlds most powerful businesswomen in the year 2006.Shikha Sharma, the current CEO of Axis Bank was the Managing handler of ICICI Prudential and played a major role in the growth of ICICI Prudential. She is an early achiever, prodigal learner and fiercely competitive. She was responsible for setting up the joint venture with U.K based Prudential and good transfer ICICI Prudential in the Indian Insurance Map as the largest private sector insurance company in the country.The initial woman to rise to a senior position at the bank was Lalita Gupte, who was employ in 1971 and retired as Joint Managing manager. She played a leading role in transforming ICICI in the 1990s, and thus started the banks international business in 2001, servicing overseas Indians and expanding investments abroad. That business now accounts for 15% of ICICIs $5 6.3 billion in net assets. She coupled Alstoms Board of theatre directors in 2010. She is also the non-executive chairman of ICICI Venture Funds Management Company.Madhabi Puri-Buch joined ICICI Bank Ltd in project finance department in 1989. She served as Senior General managing director of ICICI Bank since 2003. She serves as Head of Operations and separate Corporate Brand Officer of ICICI Bank Ltd. She is in charge of Retail Asset Operations and the Product and Technology Group in the Wholesale Banking Group of ICICI Bank. She has been Chief Executive Officer and Managing Director of ICICI Securities since February 1, 2009.Kalpana Morparia now is the Head of India Operations of JP Morgan Chase Co. She joined the legal department of ICICI in 1975 and became a board member in 2001. She was appointed as Joint Managing Director of the bank in 2001. She played a key role in ICICI Groups great(p) raising proceeding as well as the coalition of ICICI with ICICI Bank in 2002. After 33 years of service with ICICI, she joined JP Morgan in 2008.Renuka Ramnath was the Head of one of Indias largest private equity fund ICICI Venture. She is often referred to as the beat of Indian private equity. She quit ICICI venture in 2009 to setup private funds with former executives of Indian PE industry. Ramnath has been the Managing Director CEO of ICICI Venture since 2001. During her career spanning over 20 years with the ICICI Group, Renuka has spearheaded various business initiatives. She began her career at the Merchant Banking division of ICICI and then headed the Corporate Finance and Equities businesses at ICICI Securities, an investment banking JV amongst ICICI and JP Morgan.Vishakha Mulye is currently the Managing Director CEO of ICICI Venture Funds Management Company Limited. Mulye was earlier the Executive Director of ICICI Lombard General Insurance Company Limited and the Group Chief Financial Officer of ICICI Bank Limited. Mulye is a Chartered Accountant and joined the ICICI group in 1993. She has worked extensively in the areas of project finance, structured finance, treasury, unified planning and strategy, investor relations and resolution of distressed assets. She played a key role in the merger of ICICI with ICICI Bank, which led to the creation of the second largest bank in India. Between 2001 and 2005, she set up ICICI Banks structured finance business. This pioneering effort led to the development of an active securitization market in India. During this period, she was also responsible for ICICI Banks client-related treasury and markets operations, capital markets business and relationships with domestic financial institutions and multilateral institutions. Mulye received the award for Most Powerful Women in Indian line of merchandise 2007 from Business Today. The World Economic Forum also selected her as a Young world(a) Leader for the year 2007.Renu Challu is the current Managing Director, State Bank of Hyderabad. Meera Sany al is the Country Head Royal Bank of Scotland. Manisha Girotra is Managing Director and Chairperson for Swiss bank UBS in India. Renu Sud Karnad is the Managing Director of HDFC Ltd. Naina Lal Kidwai is the Group MD and Country Head of HSBC in India. Ashu Suyash is the MD and Country Head India of Fidelity International.Tarjani Vakil, former Chairperson of the Exim Bank, is one of the distinguished Indian bankers. She is the first women to head any large bank in India. In 1997, she was recognized by KPMG Worldwide Business as one of the top 50 women to prove her valor in the business.Through the recent economic meltdown and global recession, Reserve Bank of India had two women Deputy Governors Usha Torat and Shyamala Gopinath.Qualities in women that enables them to be successful in BFSI sectorRetail banking is more of relationship marketing rather than transactional marketing. Women excel at relationships.The nurturing and adjusting attitude of women flows into the oeuvre as wel l.Women are more practical and check up on risk takers.Women are good listeners and good learners.Women are more resilient and good at learning from setbacks.Women display better empathy and are able to slur themselves in the shoes of the customers.Caliper Corporation, the New Jersey based Management Consulting Firm have made the following observations based on their study.Women are more persuasiveWomen are quick to learn from calamityWomen demonstrate an inclusive, team building leadership styles of problem solving and decision making.Women are more belike to ignore rules and take risks.Suggestions for further enhancing the contribution of women in BFSI.The concept of Home Offices should be encouraged so that women maycontribute while raising families simultaneouslyFlexi time options should be made available to women sloshed Urban women should set up NGOs, Travel to the rural parts andcreate awareness about the scope and importance of BFSI sector.Extensive training should be gi ven to the rural women to take up careersin financeThe financial services companies should target the rural householdsthrough the womenfolk.All women Regional Rural Banks should be encouraged. destinationIt is observed from the secondary research that more and more women are actively participating and contributing to the BFSI sector. Since women are more empathetic, they can better understand customers. Women are more balanced and would take calculated moderate risks. It is high time our leaders realize this and leverage this to the growth of our country.Indian Banks and Financial Institutions with better sexual activity equality on board than their western counterparts, scraped through the economic slowdown unscathed. In the last 3 decades, the gender equilibrium has become fairly poised.

Uses Of Nuclear Energy In Agriculture

Uses Of Nuclear efficacy In AgricultureNuclear technique is being an important coating in many sectors much(prenominal) as diet agriculture, industry, medical, environmental protection and causality production. It is known that there argon both advantages and disadvantages of use thermonuclear heartiness. However, nuclear energy is being widely apply in agriculture which includes food production, wildcat production, crop production, fertilizer, crack fertility and more.According to Farm Press, nuclear power is considered cheap to be used in agriculture development. It has been reported that the increase price of gasoline, electricity, diesel fuel and natural gas is hotshot of the major problems to farmers. Nuclear energy is found to be the cheapest power stock for agriculture. For example, nuclear energy corporation be used in production of nitrogen fertilizer instead of natural gas which has increasing price nowadays. Co-ordinated Research Project (CRP) was carried ou t on the use of nuclear techniques for optimizing nitrogen fertilizer application under irrigated wheat. It has been found that this technique increases the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer while reduces environmental pollution. different than that, Khanal and Munankarmy (2009) tell that there is possibility to improve health, feeding and fertility of livestock. They further explained that nucleic acid hybridization (nuclear related technique) is a promising technique for disease diagnosis. The conventional approaches of disease diagnosis involving direct detection and isolation feature more quantify comp atomic number 18d to nucleic acid hybridization. Thus, it is said to be rattling effective in terms of time and sensitivity. Besides that, this technique is also unique because it instructiones on the genome of organism instead of its products. According to the study conducted by Khanal and Munankarmy (2009), ionizing irradiation is another nuclear technique which plays a vit al role in animal health. moroseness of nigh parasites can be eliminated using this technique which also helps to produce safer and cost effective vaccines. These methods down increased the rates of growth and milk and meat yield.There ar some non-isotopic nuclear techniques that argon being implicated in agriculture, especially in livestock production (Makkar, 2008). Gamma irradiation is 1 of the non-isotopic nuclear techniques. This da Gamma irradiation is an effective technique which enhances nutrient availability in plants that are federal official to livestock. According to Makkar, content of plant secondary metabolites in some of the unconventional feed resources, could give unseemly effects to the feed of livestock. He further explained that bioavailability of nutrients decreases at high levels of plant secondary metabolites. Thus, it is found that gamma irradiation is an effective technique to inactivate the adverse activities.Committee On Agriculture has discussed on n uclear techniques in food and agriculture. This committee stated that nuclear related techniques help to improve the food production system in terms of stability, resilience and productivity. Biodiversity of crop plants can be increased by radiation induced mutations which change the genetic make-up. For instance, mutation breeding has given more than 3000 crop varieties of some 170 different plant species in more than 100 countries. This includes rice that grows successfully in saline solution soil and barley that grows at 5000 meters.Nuclear technique is playing a vital role in soil and piddle management system. It is important to improve soil moisture conservation measures and reduce wastage of irrigation piddle which leads to the improvement of body of water management in agriculture. One of the nuclear techniques that help in soil and water management is Soil Moisture Neutron Probe (SMNP). SMNP is a portable device that is used to measure soil water content at different dept hs through access tubes installed in the soil profile. Data obtained from SMNP are used to calculate the soil water balance and estimate the total amount of soil water removed from soil evaporation and plant transpiration (Joint FAO/IAEA, 2004).Furthermore, nuclear techniques are also used to identify the source of soil pollutant. This helps farmers or environmental planners to know the specific sources of pollutant and design most appropriate management strategy, so that the impact of pollutants can be reduced. For example, fertilizers and pesticides that are used to improve the agricultural activities can become pollutants if they kitchen range the rivers, streams and lakes. To overcome this problem, fallout radionuclides are attached to soil particles which can track the movement of soil particles from where they rebel (Nuclear Technology Review, 2007).On the other hand, nuclear energy also has disadvantages. One of the major concerns about nuclear energy is there is a chance f or severe accident to occur in the reactor. This accident is very dangerous because it releases radioactive materials into the environment. In 1986, there was a Chernobyl accident occurred in Ukraine. It was caused by the flawed Soviet reactor designed coupled with mistakes made by plant operators. As a result, 30 operators and backup died within three months (Scientific and Technical Committee Euratom, 2001).Scientific and Technical Committee Euratom has explained on another prejudicial effect of nuclear energy. According to this committee, nuclear energy produces radioactive waste which is very dangerous. There are two types of wastes short-lived and long-lived wastes. Many countries have safely disposed the short-lived wastes. Whereas, the long-lived wastes which are generated in a very small amount are conditioned and stored carefully without releasing it to the environment. However, the nett disposal of long-lived wastes is still an unsolved problem.As a conclusion, even tho ugh nuclear power has disadvantages which are really harmful to the environment and human beings, it should be still encouraged to use it in agriculture. This is because nuclear energy is really needed to improve our Malaysian agricultural sector which is the main focus of our country as our ex-prime minister decided. It is suggested that Malaysian government should encourage creating more researchers on nuclear energy. Other than that, our government can implement joint projects with developed countries, so that more application of nuclear energy can be used in Malaysian agriculture. At the same time, it is very important to be aware of the dangerous of using nuclear energy and always be safe and secured.

Analysis Of Marketing Mix

Analysis Of market placeing varietyWe took up Amul sorbet Cream as a crossing for our arna and abridgment. The project basic objective was to acquire a deeper understanding of the mathematical merchandise and apply the concepts related to market designateing flux, 4Ps of marketing and the consumer behavior as learnt in the course.The project was fail in three comparetsMarketing mix of Amul Ice figure outStudy of the consumer behavior with the help of a organise questionnaireMarketing mix of deuce primary(prenominal) competitors Kwality W all tolds and M opposite dairy farm, suggestions and foresight close to Amul Ice CreamsIn the first part, we studied the marketing mix of Amul looking glass unction which was further divided into quaternity parts Product, Pr trash, Place and Promotion. chief(prenominal) CONTENTSNote all corrections/additions/reasons in lieu of corrections argon d wiz on a tear down floor the remarks itself.SESSION 1Marketing cockle of Amul Ic e thresh aboutAmul Ice Cream was launched on 10th March, 1996 in Gujarat. It was launched on the platform of Real Milk. Real Ice Cream wedded that it is a milk partnership and the wholesomeness of its products gives it a competitive good.In 1997, Amul scratch options entered Mumbai followed by Chennai in 1998 and Kolkata and Delhi in 2002. Nationally it was rolled out crosswise the country in 1999.It has combated competition from the established players like Walls, Mformer(a) dairy farm and achieved the No 1 position in the country. This position was achieved in 2001 and it has act to remain at the top.Today the market fate of Amul scum baste is 38% as over against the 9% market shargon of HLL, thus fashioning it 4 times larger than its closest competitor.ProductAmul has added a broad variety of flavours to its ever growing draw. Currently it offers a selection of 220 products. Amul has always brought naturalness in its products and the same applies for looking gl ass creams.The broad bearings under which Amul markets its water ice creams atomic number 18 as followsRoyal treat range (rajbhog, cappuccino, chocochips, besidesterscotch, tutti frutti)Nut-o-mania range (kaju draksh, kesar pista, roasted almond, kesar carnival, badshahi badam kulfi, shista pista kulfi)Utsav range (anjir, roasted almond)Simply delicious range (vanilla, strawberry, pineapple, rose, chocolate)Natures treat (alphonso mango, cherubic litchi, anjir, fresh strawberry, black current)Sundae range (mango, black current, chocolate, strawberry)Millennium ice cream (cheese with almonds, dates with honey)Milk bars (chocobar, mango dolly, raspberry dolly, shahi badam kulfi, shahi pista kulfi, mawa malai kulfi cream, green pista kulfi)Cool finishdies (orange, mango), Cassatta, Tricone cones (butterscotch, chocolate), megabite-almond cone), Frostik 3 layer chocolate bar, Fundoo range exclusively for kids, Slimscoop fat free frosty dessert (vanilla, banana, mango, pineapple ), Health IsabcoolIn January 2007, Amul introduced SUGAR FREE ProLife Probiotic Wellness Ice Cream, which was a first in India. This range of SUGAR FREE, LOW voluptuous Diabetic Delight ProLife Probiotic Wellness Ice Cream is renderd for the health conscious. impairmentAmul has manold aged to stay ahead of its competitors by providing quality products at competitive prices, maximizing customer value. Amul followed the penetration pricing strategy and entered the market with prices much less(prenominal) than the leader in the market kwality Walls. This helped Amul in achieving great success at the start. Amul also perplexd a lot of the scorn end untapped market due to its pricing strategy and gradually acquired a market sh ar of 12-15% in the first few years. The pricing has been a major advantage of the pit. Following Amul, other players disgraceed their prices consequent to which Amul now follows a competitive pricing as its major strategy.Range of price minimum and utte rmost?Amul frostiks start from Rs 10 and go upto Rs. 20. The prolife pro-biotic icecream is priced at Rs. 15 for 125 ml. the ace saver take away packs start from as low as Rs.110 for 2 cubic decimetre whereas catering the exalteder end, exotica range starts from Rs. 120 per litre brick and extends upto Rs. 160 for divergent flavours.PlaceIce cream, being a putrefiable item, it is in truth beta to have a good diffusion channel. Amuls head office is at Anand. The entire market is divided into 5 zones. The zonal offices be located at Ahmadabad, Mumbai, New Delhi, Kolkata and Chennai. much than every outer space there ar 49 Depots located across the country and Amul caters to 13 Export markets also.Amul follows four marketing channels to distribute its ice creams.Level Zero also called direct marketing channel consists of a manufacturer selling directly to the final customers how?Amul has entered into direct retailing done Amul Utterly Delicious parlours created in major cit ies Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Baroda, Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad and Surat. These parlours surpass the regular(a) softy and ice-cream scoop offering joints in terms of popularity and look set to give the more established ice cream notices in the cities a run for their money. In these parlours, icecream is stored and transported in a rooted(p) condition (- 28o centigrade or below). They also keep frozen pizzas and frozen paneer.Level One contains one selling intermediary much(prenominal)(prenominal) as retailer to the final customersLevel Two has two intermediaries typically electrical distributor and the retailerLevel Three comprises the distributor, retailer with the jobber in in the midst ofPromotionAmul doesnt follow an aggressive marketing strategy for its ice creams. In the beginning, TV commercials for products such as amul tricone, real milk ice cream, frostik and premium ice cream were seen oft. that these commercials merchant shipnot be spotted now. Instead the company prefers a more direct approach to sales promotion strategy. Offers such as super saver packs, one plus one and the likes are often given to lure the consumers into purchasing. Apart from these, Amul Company as a whole with its advertize partner FCB-ULKA puts up its hoardings which are famous for their sarcastic take on current happenings, for its complete basket of products including ice cream.The main reason for Amul retaining its dominant position in the market despite a conservative marketing strategy is because all the market players in this product category follow the same kind of strategy, i.e. minimal exposure to electronic media and high on sales promotion technique. In such a scenario Amul has been successful in creating a niche for itself.Amuls entry into ice creams is regarded as successful due to the large market share it was able to capture within a short period of time. The differential pricing, quality of products and of course, the denounce name made this possib le.SESSION 2Consumer Buying BehaviorWe studied the marketing mix of Amul ice creams. Now hygienic study and analyze the behavior in terms of consumers ending making process and factors affect their get behavior. Consumer behavior is how individuals, roots, and organizations select, deal, use and dispose of goods, services and ideas to satisfy their necessitate and wants. Consumer passes through five-spot stages in purchaseing a product motif IdentificationInformation SearchEvaluation of AlternativesPurchase of Product by and by Sales ServiceConsumers dont always pass through all the preceding(prenominal) stages while making a purchase. For many another(prenominal) of products (mostly perishable), the kind of involvement in the buying process is low. Consumers tend to do a lot of deformity switching for the sake of variety and novelty. While buying a regular brand of ice cream, one goes directly from the need for ice-cream to the purchase decision skipping information sear ch and evaluation. Even if they are present, the time given to separately(prenominal) of these is negligible as compared to other stages. This is very heavy part of consumer buying behavior which in turn affects the factors impact the consumer behavior. If one is loyal to one brand he will ingeminately purchase that brand and zest. However if one doesnt find that product, he is very likely to switch to other available brands without much effort and whitethorn start liking it.Factors affecting the consumer behaviorVarious types of factors which affect the consumer behavior and lead them towards a special(prenominal) ice-cream brand are as followsProduct specifications, variety, price range, promotion strategies, and accessibility of product (which forms an integral part in case of variety want products)Reference assemblages (family, friends , media etc) and their effect on choicesKnowledge of other brands existing in the market and their positioning in the minds of the cons umersDemographics age, gender, income concourseSituational occasions where a consumer buys a productInvolvement in buying the product in terms of relative oftenness of purchaseStudying the consumer behaviorIn the survey conducted, ( render surface=60) fountainhead first do a general analysis analyse the market and Amul ice-creams position in it. In second part of the analysis, well see how different age groups may behave differently in consume ice cream.Methodology seek distributions for the study consisted of populate from the age group of 18-40. Samples were taken randomly where a structured questionnaire was mailed to the flock and their responses recorded. The questionnaire had the pursual dimensionsDemographics of the respondents such as age, income group, occupation, genderKnowledge/awareness about the variant brands available in the marketfrequency of purchase of ice cream,place of purchase,price preferences,reference groups,Favorite brands vis--vis Amul in ter ms of ratings on the features of the product.Sample size60 respondents from the target population were approached to fill in the questionnaire. event and discussionThe decision in buying ice cream is yieldd by many factors such as discernment, availability, pricing, packaging, variety of the product, occasions and mood and so on.Results of the data analysis will be studied in two partsAn overall analysis of all the factors.A comparative analysis of the age groups to analyze the discrimination in their behavior due to different age.Overall analysisDemographics of the respondentsData was collected with respect to four demographics of the sample age, gender, income groups and occupation. Based on the analysis, it was observed that 68% of respondents were in the age group 18-24 and 32% in the age group 25-40. One third of the respondents were females. More than 50% of the samples were students owing to which the income range of less than 50000 Rs. bears the highest percentage in the income distribution. The pursuance pie charts show the age, and income group distribution of the sampleConsumer behavior with respect to absolute frequency of purchase and the occasions/moods leading the buying towards buying ice creamsThe frequency of purchasing of ice creams is high. 7% and 35% of the respondents buy ice cream on a daily and weekly radix respectively. This implies that buying frequency for ice creams is fairly high. This influences the level of involvement in looking for the alternatives each time the buyer consumes an ice-cream. The consumer is more or less habitual receive interpretation? in purchasing the ice cream due to which the 2 steps in buying behavior become redundant as already mentioned earlier.By habitual, we mean routine to be more precise. This discharge be seen in the following pie-chart which shows the frequency of purchase. bideating the data, 7% of the respondents are buying on a daily basis and 35% are doing so weekly.In terms of mood in buying, pot generally buy ice-cream without any reason when buying very frequently. If they buy occasionally past the occasions on which buying is carried out on the occasions as given belowThe samples are equally distributed over the occasions such as birthday, marriage, family outing, hanging out with friends, or part with the % of mickle devour it with friends dominating the others.As far as choosing the flavor/brand of ice-cream is concerned, over 93% choose the flavor/brand themselves. It bath be inferred that the influence of family and friends in choosing the ice-cream is very low and race go by their have got choices while buying it. 5% of the people eat ice-cream flavors as dogged by the family which may be the case when one is buying bricks of ice-cream. Rest 2% constitutes people who go by the friends choice in choosing the flavor/brand.Place of purchase and immensity attached to packagingMore than 50% of the consumers buy ice cream from the corner shop of their colony. It signifies the importance of distribution channels and the kind of availability they need to have to maintain to create a position in the market. If they go out of stock they are at the risk of losing their customers to other competitors. The data infers that availability of Ice-creams are high in round the corner shop and Super markets whereas Malls may buckle under to go loose on all time availability. Regarding the packaging, 93% place importance on the packaging of the ice-cream which again makes it primary(prenominal) for the brands to have a very attractive packaging in order to attract the consumers.Factors forming an important consideration for trying a new product/flavor in that respect are various factors which lead to trying out a new product launched in the market and make repeated purchases. The following pie plat shows the constitution of various factors that may lead to trying out and repeated a new flavor, brand or productIt can be seen that taste forms t he most important factor leading to buying of ice cream which is placed high than the brand name also. It reemphasizes the fact that brand name of the ice-cream is not the most important. If the consumer likes the taste of other product, one may shift to the other brand. The 2nd most important factor is advertize. Ice-cream brands are generally low on their promotional strategies. However the importance of advertising with consumers is easily visible in the survey. For one fourth of the people, advertising is the fierceness which leads them towards an ice-cream product. Most of the advertising for Ice-creams comes through billboards and hoardings and here Amul as a brand scores over others as the brand awareness of Amul is one the trounce. 2. resemblance of consumers favorite ice-cream and Amul ice-cream on various attributes We asked our sample to rate their favorite ice-cream vis a vis Amul ice-cream on various attributes such as taste, packaging, price, variety and availabil ity on a scale of 5 where 1 was the worst and 5 was the best (out of total samples 13 rated Amul as their favorite ice-cream also which is roughly 21% of the total samples). A comparative chart of the same is given belowStudying the parameters attempt People rate their favorite ice-cream as approx 3.7 (average of all the samples collected) whereas rate the Amul ice-cream as approx. 3.1. And as we saw that taste is the most important factor in determining the choice of consumers, how you can conclude this? graphical record shows that Amul ice cream is lagging behind in this attribute to instead a large extent as compared to other factors.In the preceding(prenominal) question, we had asked the consumers about the factors which would lead them to try out a new product/flavour/brand. The response was in favour of taste with over 50% of the respondents going for the same. We took five parameters in that question and weve taken the same in the rating scale also. So using the data from a bove, weve concluded that from these five factors, taste is the highest influence in making the choice for ice cream. advancement Favorite ice-cream stands at an average of approx 3.4 as against Amul ice cream which stands at 2.9. The company needs to work on its packaging also in order to attract the consumers.Price Amul ice cream fairs slight unwrap than the consumers favorite ice-cream. This is obvious as Amul is known for its lower range products. Kwality-walls among the other brands are known for slightly high prices. Amul has been doing well on this front. motley Favorite ice-cream is rated at 3.4 Vis a Vis Amul rated at 2.8 on this parameter. Though Amul offers a wide range of products, but maybe people are not aware about the variety of the Amul ice-creams. Amul needs to create awareness among the consumers on this front.Availability On the parameter of availability, people rate their favorite ice-cream as approx. 3.4 and Amul as 2.9. Amul has to ensure that it never goes out of stock due to the temper of buying behavior of the product.Awareness about other brands existing in the marketPeople are well aware about the brands in the market. Among the top 3 brands mentioned by the consumers, Amul and Kwality-walls feature the most among the two. For the 1st preference, Kwality-walls capture the awareness whereas for the 2nd choice Kwality-walls and Amul stand at an equal rating. This is important from the point of view of Amul as the people who are variety quest will switch over easily to the other brands if they are not happy with Amul.Among the brands that are well known to the customers, Amul, Kwality-walls and mother dairy are the most sought after brands. Other than these regulars brands, there are other brands such as Vadilal, havmor, Baskin Robbins, creambell, and others which constitute a small share in the market in terms of awareness level.Analysis with taking age, income (demographics) as the distinguishing factorsFor analyzing the differe nce in factors leading to buying behavior due to difference in age, we have already divided the samples into 2 age groups 18-24 and 24-40 years.Frequency of purchaseFollowing is a chart depicting the total sample of people on the parameter of frequency of purchase divided age wiseIt is clearly visible that 18-24 years consume ice-cream more frequently than the people in the age group of 25-40 years. 57% of people in the age group of 25-40 consume ice-cream occasionally which is only 31% in the case of the lower age group. On the other hand, the combined % of people consuming ice-cream on a weekly or daily basis for 24-40 year age group is only 25% as against 48% in case of 18-24 year olds with weekly consumption leading for the same.Factors consuming new ice cream product, brand or flavorIt can be observed from the above table that number of people preferring taste is much higher(prenominal) in case of 18-24 year olds. as well people in the age group of 24-40 years dont consider pa ckaging or cheaper price as a leading factor while considering a new product. This is an important observation as Amul mainly sells on the lower price strategy. If it is offering a lower priced product, it needs to work on packaging as large numbers of people give importance to packaging in this group (also shown in the following chat). However it may or may not work so much on packaging if it is introducing a new product/flavor in the higher end markets.Willingness to buy sugar free ice cream at a higher priceTo determine the level of health spirit of the people and their willingness to buy the ice cream at a higher price if available, the data was collected, representation of which is given below70% of the people were not willing to buy the sugar free ice-cream at a higher price. This can be due to 2 factors always let out to ask from the respondentspeople are less health consciouspeople are price sensitiveThe options given to determine the same would not have been exhaustive. P ossible the open-ended question wouldnt have been of much use. just now yes, it is certainly better to ask from the respondents and due care would be taken next time.To further judge this, we distributed this data age wise to which how many people in which age group are willing to buy the ice-cream at a higher price. The representation of the findings is given belowIn case of people in the age 25-40 years, over 42% of the people are willing to buy the sugar free ice cream if available at a higher price. However this falls to 32%In case of the age group 18-24 years. This can be again attributed to 2 factorsPeople in the lower age group are less health conscious or they are earning less so they are price sensitive or both. People in the higher age group are more health conscious or they are earning more so they can afford higher prices. dissimilar remarks about Amul ice creams (optional in the survey)Amul is my favorite brand but more chocolate varieties are possible using different caramels and nuts.Its like since childhood I have an image that Kwality Walls is the best ice cream. Amul and Mother Dairy are my second best.They should come out with some good advertising campaigns for their ice creams and should really try out the social media to market their brand.It is good, but sometimes some flavors are out of market, peculiarly mango flavor.The Amul ice cream should be readily available and the variety should be more. as well as the marketing is very poor we do not see much.Amul seems to be a brand for common men the middle class, very well placed to cater to middle class people the biggest chunk of Indian populationalthough not very popular among the higher classThese remarks about Amul ice cream highlight the fact that we have been saying all throughout out analysis. The variety in some products of Amul is not at par with the other brands or the needs of the consumers. The availability is on a lower side due to which some of the samples complained of the brand getting out of stock. Also the level of awareness of the ice creams of Amul among the consumers is very less due to which it suffers a lot. Amul needs to go aggressive on its promotion strategies so that it can expand its market share and perform well.ConclusionFrom the above survey, we can conclude that major factors affecting Consumer behavior are Taste, Price, Packaging, Brand sensing and occasion. As Ice-cream is a variety seeking product, therefore the availability of Amul Ice-cream has a major impact on the actual consumption by the consumers and since Amul is very close to the market leader Kwality-walls. It has to take care of availability especially at round the corner stores and super markets where the sales of Ice-cream are maximum.Taste is considered the most important factor in determining the consumer behavior as per the survey. Amul Ice-cream is lagging behind in Taste as per the consumer perception when compared to Market leader.Attitude of the consumer is favorable towards Amul Ice cream and this can be seen through the comparative analysis of different brands in the market. Part of it can be attributed to Amuls brand perception across all the product categories countrywide.There is no significant difference in behavior towards purchasing Ice cream based on gender but the jr. age group prefers to eat ice cream more than their older counterparts. Since most of the younger age group also falls in relatively lower income group, this shows the higher consumption trends by low income group in survey.

Benefits of the Great Wall of China

Benefits of the bulky protect of mainland ChinaThe corking WallThe text The Great Wall, by John Man, is about the worlds longest man made structure. Ranging from easterly to western China the length of the colossal smother remains stranger because the border does non tune a single continues line. in that location argon several gaps and its been destroyed and re create during incompatible dynasties. Measurements vary between 2,694 and 6,000 kilometers from the western recant to the sea (Man, 5). The section that was reinforced in the Ming Dynasty is about 25 feet uplifted and 16 feet wide. In Chinese, the token for jetty is ambiguous it can cogitate both Long City, and Long Walls. Construction of the Great Wall began near 214 BC and it was maintained until the 16th century. The Wall that was built in the Qin Dynasty is the to the highest degree famous one because it was the first and oldest section that soundless remains today. The up-to-the-minute or the most cu rrent segment was built in the Ming Dynasty. There is much more to it than just a barrier the wall itself contains fortresses, barracks, halt towers and beacon towers (Man, 5).Though the Great Wall is a national symbol of identity for the Chinese, the reason for its crook is commonly unknown. Most people deliberate that the wall was built to create protection from the barbarous nomads in Yankee China who were attacking them, but this was non the case. John Man in The Great Wall argues that the nomad attacks were a justification for the destruction of the tribes. The nomads were not the ones to give instruction violence it was the Chinese that provoked and attacked the nomads for land. The Wall was never the barrier it seemed or was claimed to be because nomads could still easily go all over or with it while the Chinese empire ruled and influenced both position of the wall (Man, 8). So it was trifling against the Mongols in the northeastward. It was Chinese expansionism th at withaltually obligate the organic evolution of pastoral nomadism and Chinese expansionism that created the threat (Man, 21).The construction of the wall served mutliple purposes. One, it defined spheres of interest, scoring a frontier and confining the unruly nomad populations where they could eventually be glowering into workers (Man, 8). Two, it was a way for ambitious leaders to flaunt their power and censure alien threats. The wall was first created when China was divided into three different states the Zhou in the Federal borderlands, the Qin in south and west, and the Yen in north and east. These rulers each built walls for protection from each other and to render that they were serious about ruling (Man, 23). In 221 B.C. Qin Huang conquered and unified all the states and symbolically demolished the inter-state walls. He indeed extended the remaining wall into the northern frontier for protection from an Xiongnu invasion (Great Wall). The wall eventually became Ch inas main polite project, comparable in scope to the pyramids in Egypt, and construction continued until the brave out dynasty in the 16th century.One of the biggest advantages of the Great Wall was that it created a champion of identity for the Chinese. It portrayed their endurance and their frugalal and political power. Although it was functionally useless and took hundreds of years to complete, it worked as a symbol of authority and power in the eyes of Chinas opponents and enemies. It also isolated the nomadic tribes that lived in the northern side of the wall, forcing them to participate in barter and trade. One of the advantages of the great wall was this forced increase in commercial and trade. Scholar Jia Yi states, our markets beneath the Great Wall provide surely swarm with the XiongnuWhen the Xiognu have developed craving for our rice, stew, barbecues and wine, this will have become their fatal weakness. Border Markets Thrived(60). The Wall also helped protect trader s and administrators, which encouraged a merchant middle class in the western kingdoms, leading China to be richer than ever.While the empire was split in three different states, it was the nobles who were responsible for organizing a workforce for the construction of the walls. Peasants were forced to work on the wall by their nobles (Man, 23). People suffered from the forced persistence it took to build the Great Wall, (Man, 123). It was estimated that during the construction of the wall, from 5th to 16th century, about 2-3 millions Chinese workers lost their lives (Great Wall). They didnt have a formal burial, the workers that died were sealed inside the wall as if they were born to support in weight both in life and in death. The workforce was divided into three different groups soldiers, criminals, and ordinary bicycle people. Millions were called to work on the Wall, leaving their families and loved ones behind even children had to crossroads the workforce (Labor Force of Gr eat Wall).The wall led to a deep numbers of deaths and injuries during the years of its construction. It split up families and widowed many women. not only did the wall have a negative effect on the citizens of the empire but it also had a negative impact on the nomads that lived on the northern side of the wall. It restricted their area of stay and the resources they had, trammel their amount of space for animals and restricting their travel to alternative trade or lands. This eventually led nomads to unify under the Mongolian pudding stone. The Mongolian Empire was led by emperor Genghis Khan, who organized raids and attacks on the Chinese Empire. The wall might have been a great authoritative representation, but it had an evenly strong negative effect on the communities surrounding it.The wall that was built by the first emperor Qin was not sustainable it was made of primer coat rather than stones, causing the wall to vanish over the years. Later dynasties would then rebuild it using earth, wood, or stones. Originally, the earth wall was made from was a mix of mud and local grass straws. The wall in north of Guyuan and in Yinchuan is the oldest original earth section. Later, lacking any efficient form of transportation for the materials, the workers would just adapt local resources. They would use rock musics from nearby mountains or rammed earth from the plains. It wasnt until the later dynasties started expanding the walls to Hohhot and Beijing that carved stone began to be officially and universally used. Because of this patchwork of materials, some parts of the wall were made of chunks of flat, slate-like rock and ran along a hillside while others used bricks (Man, 8). During the Ming dynasties the walls were constructed using tiles, lime, and stone, which managed to last monthlong and be more effective (The Wall). Because the bricks were easier to carry compared to stones and earth, they made it easier for the workers to build the walls (The Wa ll). The stones were still used for the foundations since they could hold the walls weight better under different conditions. As years passed, people continued to acquire better resources and methods to construct the walls.The fourth dimension and the location of the structure help determine the reasons behind the creation of the walls. It was built at a time where competition and power among the different states and regions was at its peak, different Emperors treasured to intimidate their respective enemies by showing them that they had the economic and political power necessary for this huge civic project. It was more of a symbol of their power rather than functionally protective as on that point was no real exterior threat to the dynasties. Even if there was, the nomads had no problem climbing or going through the wall. To them, the wall was not an obstacle. The Great Wall was built at a time where emperors wanted to flaunt their dominance to intimidate any potential enemy att acks.The great wall was am intimidating structure, a series of safe-houses for traders, a staggeringly extended barracks, a road for the transport of goods-and thus, as the second convey of the symbol for great wall in Chinese implies, a truly long city. straight off the great wall is a representation of peace. A Tibetan said The Great Wall is a masterpiece containing the firmness and diligence of all the peoples and nationalities of China. As the years passed, the wall became more redundant. Today the wall is a representation and symbol of China. The wall is no yearlong a barrier or a border but a pure symbol of a Chinese heritage. It attracts millions of people from all over the world who come to see the worlds largest structure. Useful in its time, today construction of the wall would create a dispute among United Nations. It would be even less functionally protective as a wall would not stop the intentions of any outside threat with the technology and weapons we have today. The Great Wall by John Man isnt the best literature Ive read, particularly for this assignment. The most useful information I received for this assignment was in the introduction. The rest of the book focused more on the broader history of China and its dynasties. Even though it was interesting to learn about the different dynasties, it wasnt rattling related to our assignment and wasnt engagingly written. I felt like there was too much factual information for a reader to glide by focused on the main idea. The author didnt have clear particularised information about the wall. It was scattered all over different chapters without a clear organizing structure. It wouldve been better if he include more information on and of the people who built the walls, their lifestyle, and the conditions in which they worked in. He could have also included more information on the lifestyles of nomads and how the wall changed their traditional cultures.

Impact of the Acheson Report on Health Policy

Impact of the Acheson hatch on health insurance policyIn what way did the Acheson Report represent a radical blast to wellness policy? How far did it inform New Labours policy on reducing inequalities in wellness?IntroductionA giving medication licenced name on wellness inequalities led by Sir Donald Acheson has been marked as extremely influential in shaping future UK wellness policies. The Acheson pass over highlights the bea in which wellness inequalities could be reduced and admits the direction of wellness policies promoted by the department of Health. The communicate center ones on some(prenominal) argonas much(prenominal) as poverty that seems to have disproportionate effect on children. Increased mixer welf are levels have been recommended for women of childbearing age, expectant m early(a)s, young children and older hoi polloi suggesting mothers on income support tend to have inadequate diets. The plow to a fault calls for more(prenominal)(prenominal) funding support to schools in deprived areas, develop nutrition and the imagination of health-promoting schools. Benefit levels for providing nutritional meals to children should be change magnitude and intellectual nourishment should be more affordable for fulfilling nutritional needs of children. The piece of music also focuses on consume and drinking problems urging for bearrictions on smoking in macrocosm places, a ban on tobacco advertising and promotion, mass educational initiatives, increases in the price of tobacco and the prescriptions for nicotine replacement therapy. The Acheson report also suggests close connect between health and mortality pass judgment.The Acheson report has been instrumental in shaping, directive and implementing several changes in the NHS Health policy. Several studies and research reports have been promulgated on the impact and influence of the Acheson report on changes within health care policy. The Acheson report identified three cruci al areas on social gradient and health inequalities and suggested thata high priority should be wedded to the health of families with childrenall policies likely to have an impact on health should be evaluated in terms of their impact on health inequalitiesstairs should be taken to reduce income inequalities and meliorate the living standards of poor households.The Acheson Report and UK Health PoliciesThe Acheson Report 1998, an Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health was equal to the Black Report 1980 and can be considered as a Department of Health review of the evidence on inequalities in health in England.The Department of Health has responded to the Acheson report by taking an official railway line of save. The Department of Health mentions that tackling health inequalities is a top priority for the Government, and is think on narrowing the health bed covering between disfavor groups, communities and the rest of the country, and on modify health overall. The st rategy for do bying this problems is published in, Tackling Health Inequalities A Programme for Action that lays the plungeations for meeting the Governments target to reduce the health gap on infant mortality and life presentiment by 2010.A course of study for action include a three-year plan for tackling health inequalities and to help topical anaesthetic organisations remediate the way benefits are delivered to disadvantaged groups.The programme for action in response to the Acheson report is based on actualiseing families, mothers and children attractive Communities and IndividualsPreventing Illness and providing Effective treatment and CareAddressing the underlying determinants of healthThe Acheson report suggests that socioeconomic inequalities in health and expectation of life have been found in England for many historic period and there have been data identifying differences in longevity by ones socioeconomic position. Inequalities of health are measured in terms of mortality, life expectancy or health status and could be categorised by socioeconomic status, ethnic group or gender. The Acheson report suggested that there are differences in the health status of mothers, babies, mess of displace socioeconomic status and tidy sum who smoke or drink heavily. The report definitely shows that death rates are falling in England and the rates have fallen since 1896. Thus life expectancy seems to have lift in the last few years although tidy life expectancy has not been rising. In circumstance the proportion of people with long stand up illness has risen from 15 percent to 22 percent (Acheson Report, 1998).The Acheson report thus gave raw(a) insights on health policies and identified issues that contribute to an increased rate of mortality and possible ill health. It identified several socioeconomic determinants including income distribution and household below average income, education, employment, housing, homelessness, public sector, transport and health related behaviour. Following the report, the Choosing Health color Paper addicted by the Department of Health sets out the key principles for supporting the public to suffice healthier and more informed choices in regards to their health. Through the reputation, the Government has provided breeding and practical support to get people motivated and improve wound up well-being and also provide access to services to embolden people to make healthy choices. The government has also drawn up a food and health action plan that focuses on the ways that better health can be achieved through better nutrition at all stages of life and for different groups in society, recognising and addressing different needs, particularly those of disadvantaged groups (Choosing Health, DH, 2004). The government has also set up the Health emolument mean and a new NHS plan for tackling health inequalities81% of people in higher(prenominal) socio-economic groups consider themselves to be in good health now, compared with 61% of people in the lowest groups 76% of people in the higher groups expect to be in good health in 10 years time, compared to 53% of people in the lowest groups (DH, 2004).Putting in front the NHS improvement plan, the Government reiterated the NHS commitment that the NHS is motivated to prevent disease and improve health in general. The Government policies are focused on the fact that inequalities in health cannot be accepted and the fundamental objective is to force healthier choices for disadvantaged groups.The NHS Improvement plan was laid down in 2004 to not only counter health inequalities but also provide better quality of care to patients and provide safer and more effective treatment.The NHS Improvement excogitation set out modernisation and health plansputting patients and service users first through more own(prenominal)ised carea focus on the whole of health and well-being, not only illness and unless devolution of decision-making to l ocal organisations. (DH, 2004)According to the Government report and Action Plan laid out in then Choosing Health White paper the nutritional priorities were given as followsincrease in the average ingestion of a variety of fruit and vegetablesincrease in the average uptake of dietary fibre to 18 grams per dayreducing average ambition of salt to 6 grams per dayreduce average intake of utter(a) fatmaintaining the current trends in reducing average intake of heart fatreducing the average intake of added sugar(Choosing Health White paper, 2004)The Government took several steps to regard that the recommendations of the Acheson report is considered for any raise changes within the NHS. Accordingly major steps have been taken to ensure consumer awareness on the consumption of healthy foods and knowledge of good food habits. Reducing the proportion of fat, salt in the diet has been recommended and retailers and caterers have been asked affirm healthier range of foods and offer suc h foods in convenient stores, focus on locations and in remote areas of the city.In a plan to tackle health inequalities, the Government has focused on many plans including twirl people personal health plans with support from the NHS.Recruit NHS health trainers to provide advice and support for people to develop their personal health plans.Provide services in the areas of highest need.Offer disabled people the option of taking up a health check. (DH, 2004)Considering the Acheson report on the exaggerated problems of health care among pregnant women and children, the government has also provided eligible pregnant women with vouchers that can be exchanged for clear fruit and vegetables, milk and infant formula through a new scheme called Healthy beat. A Sure Start scheme is also in place for providing training, guidance and support for early years to children. Practitioners encourage changes in parental behaviour and improve the social and emotional phylogeny and physical health of children in the early years. Community Parental Support Projects are also in place that involves training of lead workers in 500 communities. Healthy Schools programmes are encouraged to target deprived schools including bookman Referral Units. The Government has promoted the concept of healthy schools by 2006, working towards a healthy school status by 2009.The concept of Healthy schools, Sure Start and the Concept for providing Parental Support as well as providing people with personal health plans are some of the steps that the government has taken to ensure the promotion of health. Some of the objectives of the Action Plan have been given as follows. Following the Acheson report, the government focus has shifted from the one aimed to meet home(a) targets to a different approach that could be given as followsstandards are the main driver for continuous improvements in qualitythere are fewer national targetsthere is greater scope for addressing local prioritiesincentives are i n place to support the system andall organisations locally blowout their part in service modernisation. (Care Standards Planning Framework, 2004).Research StudiesWe discuss several studies which deal with the Acheson report. Oliver and Nutbeam (2003) point out that health inequalities has been considered seriously for an approach to improve health care and government policies have been developed to explicitly address existing health inequalities that has become an important issue since Labour has returned to forefinger in 1997. The development of health inequalities policies, have been critically examined to assess how such policies could or should be developed. The authors point out that progress in the development of health inequality policies has been made although the progress is less than expected or ideal.Kisely and Jones (1997) have written on the issues of public health ten years after the Acheson report. They point out that the issue of communicable disease bid and the role of public health medicate is of considerable concern in the light of outbreaks and NHS reorganisations. The Acheson report seems to have highlighted several issues in this regard. Yet as Kisely and Jones the Reports findings have yet to be fully implemented. The paper calls for a pull ahead review of public health function and should include the removal of the specialism from management costs, and the clarification standardisation of the roles of the Director of Public Health (DPH), CPHM and other members of the multi-disciplinary public health team (Kisely and Jones, 1997). Possible organisational implications for a public health approach have also been suggested.Tarlov (1999) has delineated four conceptual frameworks providing the bases for constructing public policy strategies for improving population health and this include (1) Determinants of population health. (2) analyzable systems (3) An intervention framework for population health improvement. (4) Public policy de velopment process with two phases of public consensus and policy action.The Acheson report can be judged in this context and has provided both a consensus and a policy framework. terminationThe research studies and analysis of the Acheson report suggests that the 1998 Acheson report has been extremely influential in shaping Health care policies in the UK and reducing inequalities in health.Bibliography primary winding health care in Londonchanges since the Acheson report. BMJ. 1992 Nov 7305(6862)1130-3.Tarlov AR.Public policy frameworks for improving population health. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999896281-93.Blane D.Health inequality and public policy one year on from the Acheson report. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1999 fall53(12)748.Williams A. description on the Acheson report. Health Econ. 1999 Jun8(4)297-9.Barnes R, Scott-Samuel A.The Acheson report beyond parenthood and apple pie? J Epidemiol Community Health. 1999 Jun53(6)322-3.Spencer NJ.The Acheson report challenges for the Colle ge. Arch Dis Child. 1999 Jun80(6)576-8.Better benefits for health plan to implement the central recommendation of the Acheson report. BMJ. 1999 Mar 13318(7185)724-7.Acheson D.Inequalities in health. Report on inequalities in health did give priority for steps to be tackled. BMJ. 1998 Dec 12317(7173)1659.Oliver A, Nutbeam D. Addressing health inequalities in the United Kingdom a suit study. J Public Health Med. 2003 Dec25(4)281-7.Kisely S, Jones J.Acheson revisited public health medicine ten years after the Acheson Report. Public Health. 1997 Nov111(6)361-4.Also see DH publicationsChoosing Health White Paper, DH, 2004NHS Plan, DH publication 2004Acheson Report, DH publication, 1998Inequalities in health, DH publication 1998NHS Improvement Plan, 2004www.dh.gov.uk

System Software And Application Software

System package And Application package programThis term is apply to describe programs that modify the reckoner to work and coordinate the various parts of the calculator system to assimilate it run efficiently.It controls the operation of the computing thingummy as it tells the touchywargon what to do and how and when to do it.It is the base for applications softw be as they brooknot work without system softw be direct systems are an typesetters case of it. The operational system is the program that actually makes the estimator works.Application softwareThis term is used for programs that enable the drug exploiter to do a specific tax such as creating a document, producing invoices and utilise selective informationbase.It is used once the operating system has been loaded.It can be educational programs, entertainment programs and etc.Operating SystemIt is the software that actually makes the ready reckoner work. An example of it is Microsoft Windows, Macintosh Op erating system (Mac OS), Linux and Unix.These are some functions of the operating systemBoot up the computer.Control the hardware such as printer, scanner, monitor, keyboard and mouse.Controlling features such as formatting disks, saving files and retrieving them form the hard disk.Provide the base for the applications software to be launched.Allows the applications software to use the hardware.applications SoftwareAs discussed before, applications software are programs that help the user to do a specific task and here are some types of application software explicate processing programs They are used to create documents such as letter, reports, memos and etc. An example is Microsoft Word.Spreadsheet programs They are used to analyze and summarize mathematical entropy. They are in accounting environments to prepare balance sheets and financial reports. . An example is Microsoft Excel.Database programs they are used to organize and manage large quantities of entropy. . An example i s Microsoft Access. launching prowess programs They are used to organize numeric data and text in a suitable format to be displayed to a crowd of deal. . An example is Microsoft PowerPoint.Photo editing programs They are used to edit images such as changing the size of images and adjust the colors of images. . An example is adobe brick Photoshop.Desktop publishing programs They are used to prepare high tincture printed material e.g. flyers, magazines, posters and books. . An example is Microsoft Publisher. net profit clear Browsers They are used to grade and display information at clear sites. An example is MS meshing Explorer.User InterfaceUsers interact with software in many. Some users salve the commands that they invite to do, other presses certain keys from the keyboard to do a certain task and some prefer use the mouse.Command Syntax Early user interface required users to type exactly instructions with specific rules to do a certain task. The users didnt like this w ay because they have to be rattling careful in writing the commands and of course they have to remember it. shortcut Keystrokes They enable the users to use the commands by delegacy of pressing certain keys from the keyboard. This way may be hard to be remembered. lifelike User Interface (GUI) It refers to the graphics screens that make it easier for users to interact with programs through development icons, mouse, drop down menus and windows. bodily process (3-1)ObjectivesDistinguish between applications software and system software. come acrossing the different types of user interface.1. fill the correct answerLinux is an example of Application software.System software.Memory.Storage ruse.Which of the avocation is a friendly user interface?Command syntax.Shortcut keystrokes.GUI.Memory.Which of the followers is an example of application software?Microsoft Windows.Linux.Unix.Microsoft Word.Which of the following coordinates the various parts of the computer system to make it run efficiently?System software.Application software.Word processing software.None of the above.GUI is an contraction of Graphical User Interface.Graphical User Input.Graphical Unit Interface.Graphical Unit Input.2. Mention 2 functions of the operating system and the application software.changeThis chapter provides detailed information round software and these are the points that are explained in this chapterWhat is the message of software?Types of software.The passing between system software and application software.The functions of the operating system and examples on it.The uses of some applications software.What user interface is and examples of it.at once you are ready to experience about networks and meshwork. What a network is, types and advantages of it. Also what an internet is and how it can be useful to users. This will be explained in the contiguous chapter.Chapter 4 meshingsObjectives afterwards completing this chapter, you will be able toUnderstand what is meant by a network.Know the advantages of using networks.Distinguish between types of network.Know what an internet is.Identify the advantages of the internet.Understand some of internet and browsing basics.NetworksNetwork is a classify of computers weded together via cables or recall broths or wireless to enable users to conduct hardware, software and data. Network requires each(prenominal) computer to have a network card.Advantages of using networksSharing files You can dole out files between computers through using networks instead of using a flash memory to trip out a file from one computer to another.Sharing resources done networks, people working in a same place can helping printers, scanners, fax machines. This is less make uply for institutions with many computer users.Sharing programs Through networks, People working in the same place can share the same program instead of purchasing individual program for each one.Communication Users on a network can communicate with each other by e-mails even if there is no internet familiarity.Types of networks on that point are three types of network which are topical anesthetic commonwealth Network (local anesthetic area network).Wireless Area Network (WLAN).Wide Area Network (WAN).1. Local Area Network (LAN)A LAN is a system where computers are connected together in spite of appearance a company or organization to enable people share files and resources such as printers. A LAN can be within the same building or within a group of buildings close to each other.2. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)Computers are connected together through high absolute frequency radio signals. They are used in many office buildings, burnt umber shops and even at groundworks. No wiring is required between the computers and the peripherals (peripheral device is any device that can attach to the computer such as speakers, printers and scanners).3. Wide Area Network (WAN)Computers are connected together everywhere a wi de area such as between towns or countries. Communication between computers can be done through tele skirt lines, fiber optics and radio touchs or satellites. The internet is an example of it. thickening / server computersA client computer is the computer that needs data from another computer known as a server. The server is a powerful computer than client computer in terms of data storage and processing speed.Activity (4-1)ObjectivesUnderstanding what a network is.Identifying the advantages of using networks.1. Complete the following sentencesNetwork is .........Through networks people can share .., .. and ...The three types of networks are .., .. and ...The computer that requests data from the server is called ..LAN is an abbreviation of .. mend WAN is an abbreviation of ..3. Which type of network is the internet? meshThe internet is a global network of interconnected networks around the orb. The take up thing about the profit is the amount of information that you can access from it. The internet is not the same as World Wide mesh (WWW) as the internet is the network but the World Wide Web is a vast collection of linked documents held on computers all all over the innovation and can be accessed using a web browser.Web browser is software that is used to retrieve and display contents on the World Wide Web, including text, image, boob tube and other types of files. The lucre Explorer and Firefox are an example of it.advantages of the internet utilize the internet has many advantages and here are some of themRe seeming tool Find any information the user need through using search engines. Search engines are the web pages that search for information on the internet (e.g. Google, Yahoo).Marketing tool.Method of communication with others through chatting programs and e-mails. E-mails mean sending and receiving messages through the internet and the messages can include text, images, video files and sound files.Entertainment tool (e.g. playing games, liste ning to music and ceremony films and video clips).Information is available 24 hours per day and 7 eld per week.Services many another(prenominal) helpers are available through the internet like shopping, hotel reservations and paying pills.E-commerce Doing business, selling and buying products and services through the internet.E-learning Using the internet for education.Downloading software from the internet.Download and uploadDownload means to transpose data from a server to a local computer while upload means to transfer data from a local computer to a server.ExamplesDownload programs, songs and games from the internet to the computer.Design a website then upload it from the computer to the internet to be used by others.Transfer rateData is transmitted in collections of bits or characters. The transmission speed of data is measured by the Baud rate which means how many bits can be transferred each second.Bps It means bits per second. 8 bits = 1 character.Kbps It means kilobits per second (i.e. 1000 bits per second). A 56.6Kbps modem technically transmits 56,600 bits per second of data. The modem is a device that allows computers to transmit data over telephone lines.mbps It means megabits per second (i.e. 1,000,000 bits per second).Internet confederacy servicesComputers are connected to internet in many ways. Here are the types of companionshipsDialup connectionIt uses telephone lines to connect to the internet.A modem is used to control a telephone number and connect to an Internet service Provider (ISP).This type of connection is inexpensive compared to other connections.The phone line is busy when the user uses the internet, meaning the user cannot make or discover calls when he is online.Data transfer over dial-up is slower compared to other connections.Internet Service Providers (ISPs) are companies that allow the users to connect to the internet.Broadband connection It allows swift transfer of information. This type of connection is available through a phone line (ADSL), cables, satellite, mobile phone and wireless networks.Asynchronous Digital endorser Line (ADSL) broadband It uses a modem and the telephone line system to connect a computer to Internet. The ADSL modem is different from a dial-up modem. Through ADSL, a user can make calls and use the internet at the same time. ADSL connection is faster and expensive than dial-up connection.Wireless broadband It uses radio transmitters and receivers to connect computers. Many public areas and organizations provide this connection which is known as Wi-Fi. Nowadays this connection is used at home and supported by many phones. personal credit line broadband It uses a modem and the cabling infrastructure used for cable TV to link a computer to Internet. The cable modem uses the same cabling infrastructure and connection to your home as cable TV. The cable modem connects to the computer by a local area network (LAN) card. Cable connection is faster than dial-up connection and the cost of it is similar to an ADSL connection.Satellite broadband It is an Internet connection that requires the installation of a special satellite dish.Activity (4-2)ObjectivesUnderstanding the difference between internet and World Wide Web.Identifying the advantages of the internet.Knowing some internet terminologies.Differentiating between dial up connection and broad band connection.1. Complete the following sentencesA vast collection of linked documents held on computers all over the world is known as ...The global network all over the world is known as ...Google is an example of ...The transmission speed of data over network is measured by ...Examples of a web browser are ... and ...3. State the advantages of the internet.4. Which one if faster, the ADSL connection or the dial up connection?5. Which type of the broadband connection uses radio transmitters and receivers to connect computer?RevisionThis chapter provides detailed information about networks and these are the p oints that are explained in this chapterThe meaning of networks and the advantages of using them.Types of networks.The meaning of client/server computers.The difference between Internet and World Wide Web.Advantages of the internet.Downloading and uploading.Data transfer rate.Internet connection services.Now you are ready to know about Information and Communication applied science and the different internet services for customers. This will be explained in the next chapter.

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Psychosis

cognitive Behavioural Therapy for PsychosisA literature re bewitch in chronological decree from past 5 yearsIntroductionThe blanket term mental hygiene covers a multifaceted pluralistic enterprise in which a hurl of therapies is required to meet a affected roles various needs (Holmes J 2002). The National Service Framework cites cognitive doings therapy as being the psych some otherwiseapeutic method of quality for conditions that include depression, eating disorders, fright disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and deliberate self harm. (Rouse et al. 2001)Literature reviewThe first member we shall consider is a letter to the editor of the BMJ by vanguard Meer (R 2003). It is relatively unusual since it is a clinician referring to clinical matters which are both intuitive and learn based. The author refers to the fact that many psychiatrists and related healthcare professionals actually empty talking ab start the content of psycho symptoms. The generally accepted r ationale being that these are diagnostically of no entailment and therefore therapeutically irrelevant. Van Meer contrasts this view with the basic concepts of cognitive demeanour therapy. He suggests that in his experience, the patient actually often pass on want to talk about issues that are primeval to their experience and are distressed when they are kept out of the conversation. He suggests that this is one of the reasons why cognitive conduct therapy is popular with insane person patients is that they have the opportunity to discuss with sympathetic professionals the significance of their experiences and this is cap adequate of natural endowment them a mechanism of dealing with what may be otherwise unexplainable to them. This publication is selected because of its counterintuitive thrust to support cognitive behaviour therapy against the mainstream of modern clinical psychiatric practice and is written by an experienced practising clinician. This field of honor of con sideration is given a further twist with a contrastive insight from Moorhead (S 2003). He agrees that psychiatric professionals tend to try to avoid date with psychotic patients on the subject of their psychosis and thereby unwittingly add to the prejudice that blights the lives of race who live with psychosis . He points, very succinctly, to the fact (and cites Brabban A et al. 2000) that the central tenet of cognitive behaviour therapy is that the therapist should endeavour to show a clear linkage between personal experience, core beliefs ( strategys), and emergence of psychotic symptoms. The significance of this publication is that it is unusual insofar as it outlines the benefit of cognitive behaviour therapy for the staff as much as the benefit for the patient, by suggesting that staff trained in the techniques of cognitive behaviour therapy are able to empathise on a much deeper level with the patient and this, in itself, has a remarkable remoralising effect of developin g a substanceful grounds of the psychotic phenomenon with a patient. This point is echoed in the discussion of the Craig authorship.The Craig paper (Craig T K J et al. 2004) is a carefully constructed, but hard reported, randomised controlled trail of the current efficacy of specialised care modalities for cases of other(a)ish psychosis. (Vickers, A. J et al. 2001). It is presented here as a case employment in critical analytic thinking. The hinderances were delivered in two multitudes. The accounting entry cohort was allocated to a monetary standard care group (the control) or the intervention group (specialised care group). both(prenominal) sets of treatment were delivered by the community mental health teams. The outcomes for both groups were rate of relapse or readmission to hospital. (Friedman GD. 1994)We present this paper to illustrate a greens problem with this type of streamlet. On first appreciation, it demonstrates the fact that the intervention group did b etter than the control group. The difficulty in critical analysis comes in trying to decide which of the treatment modalities actually produced this ripe effect. (Mohammed, D et al. 2003)The entry cohort was quite impressive for a study of this type with 319 presenting with psychotic illness over an 18 month completion and 144 of these merging the inclusion criteria. 94% of these were remained in the trial over the 18 months of happen up.We note that, although the programme of interventions did include cognitive behaviour therapy, it also include other treatment options such as low dose untypical antipsychotic regimens, cognitive behaviour therapy based on manualised protocols, and family counselling and vocational strategies based on established protocols (Jackson H et al. 1998). From the point of view of our considerations here, on the one hand the results appeared to be good insofar as the study showed that the intervention group had fewer readmissions to hospital in the stu dy period and also they had fewer psychotic relapses (although this was of low statistical significance). On the other hand the paper tells us that all patients had medication and the ultimate choice of treatment pathway was decided by the intervention clinician, so although cognitive behaviour therapy was used, we have no absolute idea of its specialty from this trial. (Green J et al. 1998). All we can say with confidence is that, as part of a total package, cognitive behaviour therapy appeared to have helped to raise to a beneficial outcome for a significant military issue of psychotic patients. A all in all analytical and minimalist approach to this finicky trial could suggest that it is and so possible that cognitive behaviour therapy is actually ineffective per se. other than it served to victuals the patient in closer contact with the clinicians. (Piantadosi S. 1997)In this respect this is an causa of a trial which is seemingly supportive but does not contribute greatly to the evidence baseOn first sight this particular view might be considered pedantic, but it is echoed by Yates (DH 2005) in a letter in the BMJ, where he specifically takes up this very point. He points to the fact that there is very little description of the regimes of cognitive behaviour therapy and the head that its impact can be isolated from the boilers suit effect. He also refers to the fact that a breakdown of the various therapies offered and the degree that each was helpful would have improved the paper tremendously. We have to agree.We will next consider a broad(prenominal) profile paper by Morrison (A P et al. 2004) which has been widely cited. This paper took the pioneering work of Yung (et al. 1996) who identified a gritty bump group of patients who would develop psychosis and studied the effect of cognitive behaviour therapy on the prevention of the development of the clinical state. Morrison et al. identified the fact that other studies (McGorry, P. D et al. 20 02) had demonstrated that it was possible to reduce the incidence of psychosis development with a multifaceted approach, like that of Craig, which included elements of cognitive behaviour therapy. Morrison however, elected to hold back out a study that used cognitive behaviour therapy as a single strand approach in this high risk population. (Leaverton P E. 1995)The results from this study convincingly demonstrated that cognitive behaviour therapy solo significantly cut back the likelihood of making progression to psychosis as delimit on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale over 12 months. (Kay, S. R et al. 1987) The authors were also able to demonstrate that cognitive behaviour therapy also reduced the likelihood of a patient being prescribes antipsychotic medication. Other criteria of analysis demonstrated that cognitive behaviour therapy significantly improved the positive symptoms of psychosis in the target population.This is an important study as it is one of the firs t to fork out a reasonably secure evidence base that cognitive behaviour therapy works in the psychotic patient. It also shows that it works in the high risk group and has the possibility of a prophylactic effect by minimising the likelihood of psychotic relapse.A critical analysis would observe that the intervention cohort was comparatively small and a disproportionately small number were entered in the control group (37 and 23 respectively). High risk psychotic patients are comparatively rare and therefore one has to appreciate the serviceable difficulties involved in accumulating a sufficiently large sample to study. (Grimes D A et al. 2002),The last publication that we shall consider is that by Trower (P et al. 2004). It was published at the same time as the Morrison paper and is notable for the fact that, like the Morrison paper it recognises the shortfalls of the previous multi-modality studies and isolates cognitive behaviour therapy in its analysis. It also specifically ta rgets a notoriously treatment-resistant group of psychotics, those who suffer from command hallucinations. (Haddock, G et al. 1999)This was a single blind randomised trial with 38 patients. The trial was mazy in structure but, in essence, it was able to show, with convincing statistical significance that cognitive behaviour therapy interventions alone was able to reduce the patients conformity rate with the psychotic commands. The authors noted that this reduction in compliance was associated with a reduction in levels of both anxiety and depression.In remainder we would like to commend the book by Eisenman (R 2004) The Case Study doorkeeper to Cognitive Behaviour Therapy of Psychosis as a particularly authoritative and clinically useful overview. It cites a number of clinical case studies and analyses them in depth. It supports the view that cognitive behaviour therapy, by attempting to confront the patients distort thinking and allowing them to appreciate their thoughts in a more rational and down-to-earth way, can have beneficial results and it places cognitive behaviour therapy in a clinical context amongst the other, generally accepted modes of psychotherapy. It is not a mates reviewed publication so we shall not consider it further than that.ReferencesBrabban A, Turkington D. 2000The search for meaning detecting congruence between life-events, underlying schema and psychotic symptoms. Formulation-driven and schema focussed CBT for a neuroleptic-resistant schizophrenic patient with a delusional memory. 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R. Opler, L. A. (1987)The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. schizophrenia Bulletin, 13, 507 -518.Leaverton PE. 1995A Review of Biostatistics. 5th ed.Boston Little, Brown, 1995McG orry, P. D., Yung, A. R., Phillips, L. J., et al (2002)Randomized controlled trial of interventions designed to reduce the risk of progression to first-episode psychosis first-episode in a clinical sample with subthreshold symptoms.Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 921 -928.Mohammed, D Braunholtz, and T P Hofer 2003 The amount of active errors methodological issues Qual. Saf. Health Care, Dec 2003 12 8 12.Moorhead S 2003Cognitive behaviour therapy can help end alienation of psychosisBMJ 2003 326 549Morrison A P , Paul French, Lara Walford, Shn W. Lewis, Aoiffe Kilcommons, Joanne Green, Sophie Parker, and Richard P. Bentall 2004 Cognitive therapy for the prevention of psychosis in people at ultra-high risk Randomised controlled trial Br. J. Psychiatry, Oct 2004 185 291 297.Piantadosi S. 1997Clinical Trials A Methodologic Perspective.New York John Wiley, 1997.Rouse, Jolley, and Read 2001 National service frameworks BMJ, Dec 2001 323 1429.Rower P, scoop BIRCHWOOD, ALAN MEA DEN, SARAH BYRNE, ANGELA NELSON, and KERRY ROSS 2004 Cognitive therapy for command hallucinations randomised controlled trial Br. J. Psychiatry, Apr 2004 184 312 320.van Meer R 2003To get word or not to listenBMJ 2003 326 549Vickers, A. J. Altman, D. G. (2001)Analysing controlled trials with baseline and follow up measurements.BMJ, 323, 11231124Yates D H 2005 Specialised care for early psychosis More detail is inevitable BMJ, Jan 2005 330 197Yung, A., McGorry, P. D., McFarlane, C. A., et al (1996)Monitoring and care of young people at inchoate risk of psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 22, 283 -303.5.5.06 PDG Word count 2,313